"No, physician-assisted suicide is not legal in Montana:
It's a recipe for elder abuse and more" [1]
By State Senator Jim Shockley and Margaret Dore
Published in The Montana Lawyer, the official
publication of the State Bar of Montana.
There are two states where physician-assisted suicide is legal: Oregon and Washington. These states have statutes that give doctors and others who participate in a qualified patient’s suicide immunity from criminal and civil liability. (ORS 127.800-995 and RCW 70.245).
In Montana, by contrast, the law on assisted suicide is governed by the Montana Supreme Court decision, Baxter v. State, 354 Mont. 234 (2009). Baxter gives doctors who assist a patient’s suicide a potential defense to criminal prosecution. Baxter does not legalize assisted suicide by giving doctors or anyone else immunity from criminal and civil liability. Under Baxter, a doctor cannot be assured that a suicide will qualify for the defense. Some assisted suicide proponents nonetheless claim that Baxter has legalized assisted suicide in Montana.
Legalizing assisted suicide in Montana would be a recipe for elder abuse. The practice has multiple other problems.
What is physician-assisted suicide?
The American Medical Association (AMA) states: “Physician-assisted suicide occurs when a physician facilitates a patient’s death by providing the necessary means and/or information to enable the patient to perform the life-ending act.” (Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 2.211). For example, a “physician provides sleeping pills and information about the lethal dose, while aware that the patient may commit suicide.” (
Id.)
The Baxter decisionBaxter found that there was no indication in Montana law that physician-assisted suicide, which the Court termed “aid in dying,” is against public policy. (354 Mont. at 240, ¶¶ 13, 49-50). Based on this finding, the Court
held that a patient’s consent to aid in dying “constitutes a statutory defense to a charge of homicide against the aiding physician.” (
Id. at 251, ¶ 50).
Baxter, however, overlooked elder abuse. The Court stated that the only person “who might conceivably be prosecuted for criminal behavior is the physician who prescribes a lethal dose of medication.” (354 Mont. at 239, ¶ 11). The Court thereby overlooked criminal behavior by family members and others who benefit from a patient’s death, for example, due to an inheritance.
Baxter also
overlooked caselaw imposing civil liability on persons who cause or fail to prevent a suicide.
See Krieg v. Massey, 239 Mont. 469, 472-3 (1989) and
Nelson v. Driscoll, 295 Mont. 363, ¶¶ 32-33 (1999).
Baxter is, regardless, a narrow decision in which doctors cannot be assured that a suicide will qualify for the defense. Attorneys Greg Jackson and Matt Bowman provide this analysis:
- If the idea of suicide itself is suggested to the patient first by the doctor or even by the family, instead of being on the patient's sole initiative, the situation exceeds "aid in dying" as conceived by the Court. If a particular suicide decision process is anything but "private, civil, and compassionate," . . . , the Court's decision wouldn't guarantee a consent defense. If the patient is less than "conscious," is unable to "vocalize" his decision, or gets help because he is unable to "self-administer," or the drug fails and someone helps complete the killing, Baxter would not apply. . . .
- No doctor can prevent these human contingencies from occurring in a given case . . . in order to make sure that he can later use the consent defense if he is charged with murder.
- "Analysis of Implications of the Baxter Case on Potential Criminal Liability," at http://www.montanansagainstassistedsuicide.org/p/baxter-case-analysis.html
The 2011 Legislative Session
The 2011 legislative session featured two bills in response to Baxter, both of which failed: SB 116, which would have eliminated Baxter’s potential defense; and SB 167, which would have legalized assisted suicide by providing doctors and others with immunity from criminal and civil liability.
During a hearing on SB 167, the bill's sponsor, Senator Anders Blewett, said: “[U]nder current law, ... there’s nothing to protect the doctor from prosecution.” ( http://maasdocuments.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/blewett_speckhart_trans_001.pdf ). Dr. Stephen Speckart made a similar statement: "[M]ost physicians feel significant dis-ease with the limited safeguards and possible risk of criminal prosecution after the Baxter decision." (Id. at p.2)
Legalization would create new paths of abuse
In Montana, there has been a rapid growth of elder abuse. Elders' vulnerabilities and larger net worth make them a target for financial abuse. The perpetrators are often family members motivated by an inheritance. See e.g. www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/studies/mmi-study-broken-trust-elders-family-finances.pdf .
Preventing elder abuse is official Montana state policy. See e.g., 52-3-801, MCA. If Montana would legalize physician-assisted suicide, a new path of abuse would be created against the elderly, which would be contrary to that policy. Alex Schadenberg, Chair of the Euthanasia Prevention Coalition, International, states:
- With assisted suicide laws in Washington and Oregon, perpetrators can . . . take a 'legal' route, by getting an elder to sign a lethal dose request. Once the prescription is filled, there is no supervision over the administration. . . . [E]ven if a patient struggled, “who would know?
http://www.isb.idaho.gov/pdf/advocate/issues/adv10oct.pdf, p. 14.
“Terminally Ill” Does Not Mean Dying
Baxter’s potential defense applies when patients are "terminally ill," which Baxter does not define. In Oregon, “terminal” patients are defined as those having less than six months to live. Such persons are not necessarily dying. Doctors can be wrong. Moreover, treatment can lead to recovery. Oregon resident, Jeanette Hall, who was diagnosed with cancer and told that she had six months to a year to live, said:
- I wanted to do our [assisted suicide] law and I wanted my doctor to help me. Instead, he encouraged me to not give up . . . I had both chemotherapy and radiation. . . .
- It is now 10 years later. If my doctor had believed in assisted suicide, I would be dead.
- http://mtstandard.com/news/opinion/mailbag/article_aeef3982-9a98-11df-8db2-001cc4c002e0.html
Legal physician-assisted suicide empowered the Oregon Health Plan, not individual patients
Once a patient is labeled “terminal,” an easy argument can be made that his or her treatment should be denied. This has happened in Oregon where patients labeled “terminal” have not only been denied coverage for treatment, they have been offered assisted-suicide instead.
The most well known cases involve Barbara Wagner and Randy Stroup. (KATU TV, at http://www.katu.com/news/26119539.html , ABC News, at http://www.abcnews.go.com/Health/Story?id=5517492 Ken Stevens, MD, at pp. 16-17, at http://choiceillusionoregon.blogspot.com/p/oregons-mistake-costs-lives.html). The Oregon Health Plan refused to pay for their desired treatments and offered to pay for their suicides instead. Neither Wagner nor Stroup saw this as a celebration of their “choice.” Wagner said: “I’m not ready to die.” Stroup said: “This is my life they’re playing with.”
Stroup and Wagner were steered to suicide and it was the Oregon Health Plan doing the steering. Oregon’s law empowered the Oregon Health Plan, not individual patients.
Oregon’s studies are invalid
Oregon’s statute does not require a doctor to be present when the lethal dose is administered. (ORS 127.800-995). During a hearing on SB 167, Senator Jeff Essmann made a related point, as follows:
- [A]ll the protections [in Oregon’s law] end after the prescription is written. [The proponents] admitted that the provisions in the Oregon law would permit one person to be alone in that room with the patient. And in that situation, there is no guarantee that that medication is self-administered.
- So frankly, any of the studies that come out of the state of Oregon’s experience are invalid because no one who administers that drug . . . to that patient is going to be turning themselves in for the commission of a homicide.
Senate Judiciary Hearing Transcript, February 10, 2011, p.15, at http://www.margaretdore.com/pdf/senator_essmann_sb_167_001.pdf
Public confusion
In Montana, the moving force behind legalizing assisted suicide is Denver-based Compassion & Choices. On September 15, 2011, that organization’s president published an article on Huffington Post claiming that under Baxter physicians in Montana are “safe from prosecution.” ( http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barbara-coombs-lee/aid-in-dying-montana_b_960555.html ) This is clearly not the case and propaganda. A physician relying on her advice could be charged with homicide.
Conclusion
Baxter is a flawed decision that overlooked elder abuse. Baxter has created confusion in the law, which has put Montana citizens at risk. Neither the legal profession nor the medical profession has the necessary guidance to know what is lawful.
Legalizing assisted suicide is bad public policy. Doctors’ diagnoses can be wrong and legalization is a recipe for abuse. Legalization would also allow the state government to encourage citizens to kill themselves. This is an area where the government does not belong. Montana consistently has one of the highest suicide rates in the nation. Montana doesn’t need the “Oregon Experience.”
Legislation should be enacted to overrule Baxter and clearly declare that assisted suicide is not legal in Montana.
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Senator Jim Shockley, of Victor, is a Republican State Senator, probate lawyer, and an adjunct instructor at the University of Montana School of Law.
Margaret Dore is an attorney in Washington State where assisted suicide is legal. She is also President of Choice is an Illusion, a nonprofit corporation opposed to assisted-suicide. (www.choiceillusion.org) She is a Democrat.
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[1] To read this article as published and the opposing article by Senator Anders Blewett, go here:
